⚗ Laboratory Fractional Distillation Machine

• Fractional distillation is a fundamental technique used for separating liquid mixtures based on boiling point differences.
• Many technical institutions lack reliable, modern, and hands-on equipment that:
• Clearly demonstrates the theory and dynamics of fractional separation,
• Uses safe, energy-efficient cooling methods,
• Allows students to observe, measure, and control key parameters,
• Simulates industrial separation processes at lab scale.
• Without this, students often miss the practical understanding of vapor-liquid equilibrium, reflux ratio, and separation efficiency.

Designed a Laboratory Fractional Distillation Machine equipped with an integrated refrigeration system for controlled cooling and condensation, offering a robust platform for both training and experimental analysis.

• Heated boiling flask or distillation vessel with temperature-controlled electric heating.
• Packed fractionating column to promote multiple condensation-evaporation cycles, increasing separation resolution.
• Refrigeration-based condenser (instead of simple water-cooled) for more precise and consistent cooling — ideal for small-scale ethanol or hydrocarbon distillation.
• Temperature sensors placed at boiling vessel, column, and condenser for real-time monitoring.
• Reflux control mechanism, either manual or automated, to regulate distillation sharpness and efficiency.
• Collection vessels for capturing separated fractions and residue.

• The cooling section uses a compact vapour compression refrigeration unit to condense vapors in the condenser coil.
• This approach eliminates the dependence on running water and ensures steady condensation regardless of ambient temperature, making it more consistent and scalable for repeated lab use.

• Facilitates experiments on binary and ternary mixtures, azeotropes, and reflux dynamics.
• Teaches critical process concepts:
• Vapor-liquid equilibrium,
• Effect of column packing,
• Separation efficiency (HETP),
• Mass and energy balances.
• Enables direct comparison between manual and semi-automated distillation setups.
• Provides foundational skills for careers in chemical processing, petrochemical design, pharmaceuticals, and environmental testing.

• Distillation of ethanol-water mixtures, observing boiling point shifts and purity improvements.
• Studying effect of reflux ratio and cooling rate on distillate quality.
• Training students to operate and troubleshoot industrial separation systems at pilot scale.